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Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 167,674 as of the 2010 census, and an estimated population of 171,279 in 2012.〔(Chattanooga, Tennessee QuickFacts ), United States Census Bureau website. Retrieved: 6 December 2013.〕 It is the seat of Hamilton County. Located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee, on Chickamauga Lake and Nickajack Lake, which are both part of the Tennessee River, Chattanooga lies approximately to the northwest of Atlanta, Georgia, to the southwest of Knoxville, Tennessee, about to the southeast of Nashville, Tennessee, about to the northeast of Huntsville, Alabama, and about to the northeast of Birmingham, Alabama. Chattanooga abuts the Georgia border and is where three major interstate highways meet: I-24, I-75, and I-59. The city, which has a downtown elevation of approximately , lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. The city is therefore surrounded by various mountains and ridges. The official nickname for Chattanooga is the ''Scenic City'', being reinforced by the city's growing national reputation as a haven for numerous outdoor activities. Several unofficial nicknames include ''River City'', ''Chatt'', ''Nooga'', ''Chattown'', and ''Gig City'', demonstrating Chattanooga's claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga Gig: Your Gig is Here. )〕 Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song, the world's first gold record, "Chattanooga Choo Choo," by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC) and Chattanooga State Community College. A unique distinction for Chattanooga is the fact that the city has its own typeface, ''Chatype'', which was launched in August 2012. This marks the first time that an American city has its own typeface and also the first time a crowd-funded custom-made typeface has been used for any municipality in the world. Chattanooga has received numerous awards over the decades, including the prestigious All-America City Award in 1962 and being recognized as a Tree City USA community since 1990. ==History== The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans. Sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Yuchi (-1714 BC)/Muskogean (900–1650 AD), and Cherokee (1776–1980). The first part of "Chattanooga" derives from the Muskogean word ''cvto'' /chắtȯ/ – 'rock'.〔A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee, Margaret McKane Mauldin〕 The latter may be derived from a regional suffix ''-nunga'' meaning dwelling or dwelling place. A late 19th-century history recounted: The earliest Cherokee occupation dates from Dragging Canoe, who in 1776 separated himself and moved downriver from the main tribe to establish Native American resistance during the Cherokee–American wars) to European settlement in the southeastern United States. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Ross's Landing. Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama.〔 In 1838 the US government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans from southeastern U.S. states, to relocate to the area designated as Indian Territory, in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey west became known as the "Trail of Tears" for their exile and fatalities along the way. The US Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or "emigration depots", where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne, Alabama and the largest was at Fort Cass, Tennessee.〔Vicki Rozema, (Voices from the Trail of Tears ). ''Voices from the Trail of Tears'', 2003. Retrieved August 19, 2009.〕 In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of Southern Appalachia to the north and the cotton-growing states to the south.〔Timothy Ezzell, (Chattanooga ). ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture'', 2009. Retrieved: 17 January 2013.〕 During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle. During the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by future United States President and Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against Confederate troops besieging the city. The next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge. These battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad hub and industrial and manufacturing center.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga: History – Native Americans Displaced by Early Settlers )〕 The largest flood in Chattanooga’s history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system was created in 1933 by Congress. The flood crested at and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly , which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at .〔http://www.tva.gov/river/flood/prone.htm Flood-Prone Areas. Tennessee Valley Authority.〕 Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century.〔 In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines as the United States Supreme Court, in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled that Hamilton County Sheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violated Ed Johnson's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County Jail and lynch Johnson on the Walnut Street Bridge in ''United States v. Shipp''. Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in the First World War in 1917, as the nearest training camp was in Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Effects of the Influenza of 1918 on Chattanooga included having movie theaters and pool halls closed.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga, Tennessee (Reconstruction to World War II) )〕 By the 1930s Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941 Glenn Miller big-band swing song "Chattanooga Choo Choo".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga, Dirtiest City in American | Chattanooga Green City )〕 The late 1950s saw the creation of the Interstate Highway System with President Dwight D. Eisenhower signing legislation into law in June 1956. Due to Mayor P.R. Olgiati's efforts, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate system in the early 1960s.〔(P.R. Olgiati http://www.chattanooga.gov/about-chattanooga/history-of-mayors/1951-1963-peter-rudolph-qrudyq-olgiati )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Where Do Our Interstate Highways Terminate? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Why did they name it the "Ol’ Johnny Bridge?" )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bridge Statistics for Chattanooga, Tennessee (TN) - Condition, Traffic, Stress, Structural Evaluation, Project Costs )〕 In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with three VHF transmitters: WTVM (now WTVC-TV) channel 9 (ABC), WRGP-TV (now WRCB-TV) channel 3 (NBC), and WDEF-TV channel 12 (CBS).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chapter Seven )〕 The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also served to trap industrial pollutants which caused them to settle over the community, so much that in 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation. But environmental crises were not the only problems plaguing the city. Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1980s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs due to de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s. However, Chattanooga was the only major U.S. city to lose this proportion of its population in the 1980s and then regain the same proportion in the next two decades.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=City populations grow, shift )〕 In late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. They have worked to revitalize its downtown and riverfront areas, making use of its natural resources.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga cleans up for better quality of life )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga: Green focus of city affirmed Image-makers weigh tourism outlook )〕 An early cornerstone of this project was a restoration lasting several years, from the mid-to-late 1980s to 1993, of the historic Walnut Street Bridge. An excellent specimen of the Camelback truss bridge, it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront and downtown area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=waterfront_exec_summary.pdf (application/pdf Object) ) 〕 Chattanooga has garnered numerous accolades for its transformation of its image. The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=City of Chattanooga )〕 In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition of ''US Airways Magazine''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Profile: Chattanooga )〕 In a seminal event for Chattanooga, Volkswagen announced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chattanooga lands VW plant )〕 In December 2009, Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according to Forbes magazine, which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more.〔Forbes December 2009, http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/30/cities-affordable-cheap-lifestyle-real-estate-housing-foreclosures_chart.html〕 Chattanooga launched the first one gigabit a second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utility of EPB. In August 2012, Chattanooga got its own typeface, called ''Chatype'', which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the first crowd-funded, custom-made typeface in the world.〔 On July 16, 2015, a shooting occurred at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga. Six people—four U.S. Marines, one sailor, and the gunman—were killed and two people were wounded. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chattanooga, Tennessee」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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